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definitions
of culture
A languages at work guide by www.languageadvantage.com
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For
those of you with an academic mind, language
advantage provides you with
the top 10
definitions of culture. This information is extracted from
'Managing Cultural Differences'
by Lisa Hoecklin published by The Economist Intelligence Unit.
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01
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That
complex whole which includes
knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs and any other capabilities
and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
1871 - Tylor |
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02
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The
man-made part of the
human environment.
1948 - Herskovits |
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03
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Transmitted
patterns of values, ideas and
other symbolic systems that shape behaviour.
1952 - Kroeber and Kluckhohn |
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04
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Set
of common understandings expressed
in language.
1970 - Becker and Geer |
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05
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Values,
beliefs and expectations that
members come to share.
1979 - van Maanen and Schein |
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06
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Pattern
of beliefs and expectations
shared by members that produce norms shaping behaviour.
1980 - Schwartz and Jordon |
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07
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The
collective programming of the
mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another.
1980 - Hofstede |
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08
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Three
aspects: (1) some content
(meaning and interpretation) (2) peculiar to (3) a group.
1983 - Louis |
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09
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Primarily
a system for creating, sending,
storing and processing information.
1987 - Hall and Hall |
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10
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A
distinctly human capacity for
adapting to circumstances and transmitting this coping skill and knowledge
to subsequent generations.
1987 - Harris and Moran |
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